El hidrógeno es una fuente potencial enorme de energía, pero hasta ahora su uso se ha visto limitado por el alto coste de su obtención.
3 de noviembre de 2022. Una manera teóricamente fácil sería extraerlo del agua, compuesta por hidrógeno y oxígeno, y la fuente idónea de agua de la que extraer hidrógeno sería el mar, porque el uso de esa agua no entraría en competencia directa con los importantes usos del agua dulce. Y también porque el agua de mar es enormemente abundante. Esta constituye más del 95 por ciento de toda el agua que hay en la Tierra.
Descomponer agua para extraer hidrógeno para usos energéticos podría ser una forma atractiva de lograr la neutralidad del carbono (no liberar más carbono en la atmósfera del que se absorbe de ella), especialmente si se combina con fuentes de energía renovables como la solar y la eólica.
Descomponer el agua en una célula electroquímica permite producir hidrógeno en el cátodo y generar oxígeno en el ánodo, bajo una tensión eléctrica. Sin embargo, los catalizadores que funcionan bien en agua dulce son menos eficaces en agua de mar debido a la abundancia de iones que pueden promover reacciones no deseadas y contaminar los catalizadores.
Los iones de cloruro altamente corrosivos presentes en el agua de mar experimentan reacciones complejas que compiten con el proceso principal y que además generan compuestos nocivos, como el hipoclorito. Dado que la producción de hidrógeno depende de reacciones estables y eficientes en ambos electrodos, estos iones son un obstáculo importante para lograr descomponer de manera económicamente viable el agua de mar.
El equipo de Huabin Zhang, de la Universidad de Ciencia y Tecnología Rey Abdalá (KAUST) en Arabia Saudita, creó un nuevo y revolucionario catalizador que funciona eficazmente en agua de mar, permitiendo una extracción estable y segura de hidrógeno.
Los investigadores crearon diminutos reactores cúbicos, en los cuales el catalizador estaba encerrado bajo un manto protector de sulfuro de molibdeno.
Aplicando una estrategia basada en el uso de un armazón organometálico, los investigadores produjeron cubos de zinc-molibdeno similares a zeolitas. Mezclaron las estructuras resultantes con tioacetamida en etanol mediante un proceso que permitió formar una fase cúbica de óxido de molibdeno en confinamiento dentro de una cáscara de sulfuro de zinc.
A continuación, convirtieron químicamente la fase cúbica en un compuesto activo a alta temperatura antes de grabar selectivamente la capa exterior de sulfuro de zinc para obtener nanorreactores.
Los nanorreactores mostraron una elevada actividad electrocatalítica y estabilidad tanto en agua dulce como en agua de mar. El notable grado de actividad y de estabilidad se debe a su singular estructura.
Durante las pruebas, el núcleo presentaba numerosos sitios activos que potenciaban la producción de hidrógeno, y la cubierta ostentaba agujeros del tamaño idóneo para permitir selectivamente que las moléculas de agua accedieran a los sitios activos internos.
La cubierta también impedía que las sales se depositaran en los sitios activos.
La arquitectura jerárquica del nanorreactor aísla la electrólisis de las reacciones secundarias. Zhang lo compara con una casa inteligente, donde la reacción principal se produce en las habitaciones, mientras que las reacciones secundarias tienen lugar en el patio.
Los investigadores están diseñando ahora catalizadores avanzados con una configuración específica para lograr una conversión energética más sostenible durante la descomposición del agua de mar.
También están investigando la evolución estructural y el comportamiento de los centros reactivos durante el proceso catalítico a fin de obtener un conocimiento profundo de la técnica de descomposición del agua de mar para perfeccionarla y poder iniciar su comercialización a gran escala.
Zhang y sus colegas exponen los detalles técnicos de su nuevo método en la revista académica Chem Catalysis, bajo el título “Ultrathin NiIr-layered double hydroxides accelerate oxygen evolution reaction in seawater”.
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