Crisis energética mundial, una oportunidad para las renovables

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El siguiente reporte, elaborado por el Grupo Energía Bogotá, presenta un análisis general sobre cómo la actual crisis energética mundial se presenta como una oportunidad para el impulso de las energías renovables y la aceleración de la transición energética.

En el artículo ‘Energy crisis: five questions that must be answered in 2023’ (Crisis energética: cinco preguntas que deben ser respondidas en 2023), publicado en la revista Nature, una de las más prestigiosas del mundo en el ámbito científico, los investigadores Andreas Goldthau y Simone Tagliapietra señalan los puntos más sensibles que han provocado que los precios de la electricidad y el gas en el mundo se mantengan elevados, siendo algunos de ellos los siguientes:

  • Las sanciones impuestas a Rusia y el embargo al petróleo proveniente de ese país por parte de países del hemisferio occidental debido a la invasión a Ucrania.
  • Recortes en el suministro de gas por parte de Rusia a países europeos en retaliación por las sanciones impuestas.
  • Países de bajos y medianos ingresos han sufrido dificultades para conseguir energía asequible

De acuerdo con el artículo, estos factores se han conjugado para devolver al “asiento delantero” a los carteles de la energía y a los estados ricos en combustibles fósiles. Sin embargo, según datos de la Agencia Internacional de Energía (IEA), registrados en el reporte ‘World Energy Investments 2022’ (Inversiones Mundiales en Energía 2022), aunque las inversiones globales en combustibles fósiles se encuentran en una tendencia alcista, todavía permanecen un 30% por debajo de los niveles en los que se encontraban antes de la firma del Acuerdo de París.

En relación con el carbón, tanto China como India siguen a la cabeza en cuestión de inversión, haciendo de la seguridad energética su principal prioridad en el corto plazo. Por otra parte, en países de Medio Oriente, Estados Unidos y Rusia se espera que en el balance de inversiones de 2022 de las compañías del sector de petróleo y gas se vea reflejado un aumento de entre el 15% y 30% en términos de inversión, gracias a los altos precios de mercado.

La actualidad de las energías renovables también hace parte de la crisis energética. Según el reporte ‘Mobilizing Capital Into Emerging Markets and Developing Economies’ (Movilización de Capital en Mercados Emergentes y Economías en Desarrollo) de BloombergNEF, la brecha de inversiones en este segmento entre países desarrollados y países en vía de desarrollo se sigue ampliando, sumado a que a pesar de que las energías renovables son más baratas que los combustibles fósiles en la mayoría de los lugares, las barreras (financieras, regulatorias y políticas) limitan el despliegue.

En resumen, la crisis energética está estrechamente relacionada con un problema en el suministro, debido a una escasez de recursos (petróleo, gas, carbón, agua, generación renovable no convencional, etcétera) y a una demanda excesiva (propia de las necesidades de un mundo más globalizado y donde el incremento del bienestar es el objetivo de todos los gobiernos).

Si bien las energías renovables pueden ayudar a reducir la dependencia de los combustibles fósiles y mejorar la seguridad energética, al proporcionar una fuente de energía sostenible y renovable, la transición energética aún sigue siendo desigual entre países desarrollados, economías emergentes y países pobres.

¿La crisis energética impulsará las energías renovables?

La crisis energética puede afectar el impulso y la adopción de energías renovables de varias maneras:

  1. Puede haber un aumento en la demanda por cuenta del incremento en el precio de la energía proveniente de fuentes fósiles. Esto puede hacer que las energías renovables sean más atractivas, ya que son más baratas y sostenibles a largo plazo.
  2. Puede llevar a un aumento de inversión en investigación y desarrollo de tecnologías de energías renovables, ya que pueden ser vistas como una forma de mitigar la dependencia de los combustibles fósiles.
  3. También es posible que la crisis pueda desalentar la inversión en energías renovables, debido a la incertidumbre económica y a la falta de financiamiento disponible.

De acuerdo con datos de BloombergNEF, la inversión en energías renovables ha aumentado un 40% durante los últimos cinco años en comparación con los cinco años anteriores. Además, las energías renovables han atraído un 15% más de capital que las basadas en combustibles fósiles. A pesar de algunos obstáculos en la cadena de suministro y precios más altos de los productos básicos, la energía limpia es hoy más competitiva en muchos más países.

Sin embargo, la inversión en transición energética -incluyendo el flujo de inversiones de países desarrollados en países no desarrollados-, en general, se ha estancado en un momento en que debería aumentar.

Financiación de activos de transición energética en mercados emergentes y economías en desarrollo en miles de millones de dólares. (Fuente: BloombergNEF, 2022)

Como se advierte en la figura, en 2018 el total de las inversiones en energías renovables (convencionales y no convencionales) alcanzaron el pico histórico de 73 mil millones de dólares aproximadamente en mercados emergentes y economías en desarrollo, pero hacia el 2020 y 2021 fueron cayendo hasta ubicarse en los 67 mil millones.

Es importante reiterar que, a pesar de la baja, las inversiones permanecen por encima de los niveles que se registraron hasta el 2016 (antes de la firma del Acuerdo de París), pero que la brecha en este ámbito entre países desarrollados y China, con respecto a países no desarrollados, se ha ampliado.

Financiación de activos de transición energética en el mundo en miles de millones de dólares. (Fuente: BloombergNEF, 2022)
En gris: países desarrollados; En rojo: China; En verde: mercados emergentes y economías en desarrollo

En ese sentido, como se evidencia en la figura, de los 785 mil millones de dólares que se invirtieron en el mundo para financiar la transición energética en el 2021, solo el 8,5% estuvo localizado en países en vía de desarrollo, en los cuales el acceso a la energía es deficitario, que sufren con mayor intensidad los efectos del cambio climático y cuyas economías no logran brindar bienestar a la mayoría de la población.

Una mirada al futuro de la demanda y oferta de renovables

El mundo ha logrado un consenso: la transición energética es ineludible. Reflejo de ello es cómo desde la firma del Acuerdo de París las cifras globales de inversión en energéticos como el petróleo, gas y el carbón han venido cayendo. Sin embargo, tal vez la señal más clara son las proyecciones de oferta y demanda de energías renovables en el corto plazo.

Según el reporte ‘Renewables 2022’ (Renovables 2022) de la IEA, la crisis energética “ha provocado un impulso sin precedentes para las energías renovables. Las interrupciones en el suministro de combustibles fósiles han subrayado los beneficios de seguridad energética de la electricidad renovable generada internamente, lo que ha llevado a muchos países a fortalecer las políticas de apoyo a las energías renovables”.

De acuerdo con el mismo reporte, la expansión de la capacidad renovable en los próximos cinco años será mucho más rápida de lo que se proyectó en 2021.

Para el periodo 2022-2027 se prevé un crecimiento de las energías renovables de casi 2.400 GW, equivalente a toda la capacidad de energía instalada de China en la actualidad. Eso es una aceleración del 85 % con respecto a los cinco años anteriores y casi un 30% más que lo pronosticado en el informe ‘Renewables 2021’ (Renovables 2021) de la misma IEA. Se prevé que las energías renovables representen más del 90% de la expansión de la capacidad eléctrica mundial durante el período de pronóstico.

Se espera que para 2027 las fuentes renovables, principalmente solar y eólica, sean la mayor fuente de generación de electricidad en el mundo. En el caso particular de la energía solar fotovoltaica, las proyecciones de la IEA señalan que entre 2026 y 2027 superará al carbón y el gas natural, en términos de participación en la generación global de energía, entre otras, por ser la opción menos costosa para la generación de electricidad, aún cuando en la actualidad las inversiones en este tipo de fuentes son elevadas.

Generación global de electricidad por tecnología, 2015, 2021 y 2027.
(Fuente: IEA, 2022)

La transición energética debe ser justa para garantizar que todas las personas tengan acceso a una fuente de energía limpia y sostenible, independientemente de su situación socioeconómica.

Si no se tiene en cuenta la justicia, es posible que ciertos grupos de la sociedad, como los más pobres o los que viven en áreas rurales y que en su mayoría se concentran en países pobres o en vía de desarrollo, se queden atrás en la transición energética y se enfrenten a mayores desafíos económicos y ambientales.

En la lucha contra el cambio climático, el principal motor de la transición requiere la cooperación de todos los actores involucrados; sin embargo, la realidad global marca que unos tienen mayores posibilidades que otros, por lo que para los próximos años la integración multilateral será más crítica que nunca.

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