La historia se repite. La crisis energética global que se precipitó con la invasión rusa a Ucrania y la respuesta de los países que integran la OTAN, encabezada por EEUU, guarda mucha similitud con la crisis energética en 1973, la cual tuvo como detonante la guerra del Yom Kipur.
Por: AMYLKAR D. ACOSTA
4 de julio de 2022. Entonces como hoy se puso en riesgo la seguridad energética global y para conjurarla las grandes potencias y las multinacionales petroleras se vieron forzadas las primeras a diversificar su matriz energética y las segundas a diversificar su portafolio de inversiones para no poner todos los huevos en una sola cesta.
En efecto, se integró a la matriz energética el gas natural, que hasta entonces era visto en la industria petrolera como un estorbo, y el carbón, que había sido desplazado por el petróleo, ganó participación en la misma.
Por su parte, las empresas petroleras incursionaron en la extracción y comercialización de gas y carbón. Ello explica que los primeros desarrollos a escala industrial de explotación de gas natural y carbón en Colombia, a mediados de los años 70, se dieron de la mano de la Texas Petroleum Company, que se asoció para tal efecto con Ecopetrol e Intercor, filial de la EXXON, socia de la estatal Carbocol. Ambos en el departamento de La Guajira.
Ahora que estamos en modo Transición Energética, desde las energías de origen fósil hacia las fuentes no convencionales de energías renovables (FNCER), que pasa por la integración de estas a la matriz energética, por la electrificación de la economía y por la eficiencia energética, una vez más la industria petrolera ha entendido que esta reconversión no tiene reversa y por ello han venido incorporando a su portafolio de inversiones las FNCER.
Multinacionales como Shell, Repsol, Statoil, Pemex, BP, Petrobras, Total, Gazprom, Chevron y ExxonMobil, entre otras, están apostándole con cuantiosas inversiones para promover y desarrollar proyectos basados en FNCER. Ellas han entendido que no les es dable nadar contra la corriente, luchando contra esta nueva realidad que terminará por imponerse. Presionadas por el Acuerdo de París todas ellas están adquiriendo compromisos frente a sus accionistas y frente a la comunidad internacional de reducir su huella de carbono y el impacto de esta industria en el medioambiente y están empeñadas en acelerar su reconversión a las energías renovables.
La semiestatal Ecopetrol no se ha quedado atrás de esta tendencia de la industria y se ha fijado la meta de alcanzar la neutralidad en las emisiones de carbono hacia el 2050, alineándose con el objetivo que se trazó la COP26. Con tal fin puso en marcha su estrategia Energía que transforma.
Después de 65 años dedicada a la exploración, explotación, transporte, refinación y comercialización de crudos y sus derivados, Ecopetrol inició la transición energética hace unos 5 años y hoy es un grupo de energía integrado, con posiciones en renovables, hidrógeno, infraestructura y electricidad. Ecopetrol ha venido avanzando con paso firme en renovables y espera incorporar 400 MW en su matriz de suministro al 2023.
Según el presidente de Ecopetrol Felipe Bayón, “la Transición se observa en el camino que se trazó para ser carbono neutral en 2050, siendo la primera empresa del sector en Latinoamérica en adquirir ese compromiso. En los últimos dos años ya logró reducir 490 mil toneladas de C02. Además, ya vendió el primer cargamento de un millón de barriles de crudo pesado ´carbono compensado´ a China. Tres de las empresas del Grupo empresarial son carbono neutral (Cenit, ODL y Bicentenario)”.
Según la misma fuente, los negocios de bajas emisiones representarán entre el 30% y el 50% del Ebitda del Grupo Ecopetrol en 2040. De allí que en su plan de inversiones 2022-2024, que será por cerca de 70 billones de pesos, ya se contempla que casi el 20% se destine a la diversificación.
Otra contribución de Ecopetrol para alcanzar la meta de reducir el 51% de las emisiones de GEI hacia el 2030 a que se comprometió Colombia con la comunidad internacional y para la reducción de la contaminación del medioambiente, especialmente en los centros urbanos, ha sido la mejora de la calidad de los combustibles, a lo cual ha contribuido también la mezcla de los biocombustibles.
Ecopetrol ha cumplido con creces los requerimientos en este sentido del Documento CONPES 3943 de 2018, la Ley 1972 de 2019 y la Resolución 40103 de 2021, al entregar en sus refinerías gasolina con sólo 13 partes por millón (PPM) de contenido de azufre y ACPM con sólo 13 PPM.
Adicionalmente la gasolina que se expende en las estaciones de servicio contiene 84 octanos, que sube hasta los 88 gracias a la mezcla del 10% de etanol, que para el caso de la extra pasa de 95 y 98 octanos.
Además Ecopetrol está a la vanguardia, junto con Promigas, en el propósito de producir hidrógeno verde y azul con su proyecto en Cartagena en donde cuenta con el primer electrolizador, energético este en el cual proyecta invertir cerca de US $2.500 millones de aquí al 2040, en cumplimiento de la Hoja de Ruta del Hidrógeno trazada por el Ministerio de Minas y Energía.
*Exministro de Minas y Energía y miembro de Número de la ACCE.
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