La Región Caribe de Colombia y el interior del país presentan condiciones de oferta de gas diferentes. Mientras en la Costa hay exceso de gas, en el Interior se presenta una declinación en la oferta del energético que proviene de los campos de Cusiana y Cupiagua.
Por: HEMBERTH SUÁREZ LOZANO*
2 de noviembre de 2022. La existencia de dos mercados de gas natural diferenciados en el país, permite concluir que la aplicación de la regulación del mercado nunca tendrá efectos análogos en todas las regiones de Colombia. Pero existen instrumentos que reducen esas brechas. Aquí es donde aparece la figura del estampillamiento.
Lo primero es que el estampillamiento se predica y tiene efectos directos en la actividad de transporte de gas natural, y efectos indirectos en la producción, distribución y comercialización de gas natural.
El estampillamiento consiste en agrupar varios tramos de la red de transporte en uno solo tramo y definir una tarifa única para ese nuevo tramo. O, dicho de otra manera, es agregar tramos para obtener un solo tramo con una única tarifa. Desde luego, esto es una ficción regulatoria en la medida que físicamente no se realizan intervenciones operativas sobre la red.
Con el estampillamiento desaparecería el costo que actualmente se factura por la distancia entre la fuente que suministra el gas y el punto de salida del gas donde se consumiría el gas.
Por otro lado, el estampillamiento haría migrar a un mercado de gas más competitivo porque no se presentarían diferencias en el precio a pagar por el eslabón del transporte. Se tendría una única tarifa por el transporte y en la práctica no sería una barrera el costo por las distancias.
Un ejemplo con el cual se puede ilustrar el estampillamiento es el costo del tiquete con el cual un usuario se sube a un sistema de transporte masivo (metro o Transmilenio). En ese ejemplo, el costo del tiquete cubriría un recorrido largo o corto dentro de una misma ciudad. De manera que, si el usuario se baja del sistema en la segunda estación de parada o en la estación número 20, siempre pagará un valor único por el mismo tiquete. Es indiferente donde se suba y se baje el usuario, el recorrido corto o largo tiene un mismo costo. Existirá una tarifa plena.
Para finalizar, el estampillamiento de manera indirecta ajusta el precio de la oferta del gas que lleguen a realizar los productores o importadores de gas. En ese sentido puede, o no, estimular el desarrollo de nuevas fuentes en la medida que si baja mucho el precio de la oferta puede ser que no se dé el cierre financiero de las inversiones o que el payback de las inversiones se prolongue en contra del tiempo de espera que defina el productor o importador de gas. El impacto puede ser más alto para el importador que para el productor nacional.
*Socio fundador de OGE Legal Services
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