La impopularidad del ‘fracking’ es la razón por la que al Estado colombiano le ha costado tomar decisiones.
Por: ALEJANDRO RIVEROS GONZÁLEZ
13 de junio de 2019. Si quiere que algo no progrese, cree una comisión, otra comisión. Ese es el círculo en el que estamos avanzando en materia de hidrocarburos, poniendo en riesgo la institucionalidad que tanto nos ha costado construir desde comienzos del siglo pasado.
El Consejo de Estado acaba de solicitar a la Universidad Nacional la conformación de un grupo de expertos –uno más– para que analice los riesgos asociados a la exploración de hidrocarburos en yacimientos no convencionales, desconociendo las dos grandes misiones que ya habían trabajado este tema a profundidad.
Colombia ha hecho lo correcto en materia de análisis e investigación (así lo desconozcan algunas celebridades que amanecieron hace algunos días siendo expertas en ‘fracking’). En la última década, dos comisiones se han encargado de tres aspectos esenciales: revisar, reconocer y regular. Revisar las experiencias de otros países para garantizar buenas prácticas. Reconocer los posibles riesgos sobre el agua, el aire y la sismicidad. Y regular para mitigar esos riesgos y proteger el medioambiente.
Para algunos es necesario frenar el desarrollo y crear otra comisión que seguramente dilatará la decisión de hacer o no hacer ‘fracking’ por varios meses más.
La primera comisión. En 2012 se emprendió un proyecto de gestión del conocimiento que incluyó talleres, visitas a operaciones en otros países y varias reuniones con reguladores de Estados Unidos y Canadá. Además, contó con un grupo de expertos de universidades como Stanford y MIT, con experiencia en asuntos energéticos internacionales, sismicidad y protección ambiental, entre otros.
Después de dos años, se logró establecer una regulación robusta y estricta que ha sido reconocida por agencias y universidades internacionales, y por entes de control y expertos nacionales. Esta normatividad estableció no solo los requerimientos técnicos y procedimientos para la exploración de hidrocarburos mediante ‘fracking’, sino que acogió los términos de referencia para la elaboración de estudios de impacto ambiental.
La segunda comisión. Luego de un periodo largo, donde la licencia ambiental para hacer ‘fracking’ durmió un sueño injusto en alguna gaveta de la Autoridad Nacional de Licencias Ambientales, la ministra de Minas y Energía decidió, el año pasado, conformar una comisión de biólogos, doctores en Ingeniería, Geología, Economía y Educación, y magísteres en Gestión Ambiental e Ingeniería de Recursos Hidráulicos: El ‘dream team’ de la ciencia, dirían algunos.
Esta comisión concluyó que nuestra regulación podría garantizar la ejecución de proyectos piloto que le dieran mayor tranquilidad al país y ayudara a reforzar las instituciones encargadas de la vigilancia y el control.
Los expertos hablaron; la industria técnicamente estaba lista. Creímos que por fin íbamos a aprovechar la riqueza del subsuelo, pero no fue así. Para algunos es necesario frenar el desarrollo y crear otra comisión que seguramente dilatará la decisión de hacer o no hacer ‘fracking’ por varios meses más.
Colombia necesita saber si se podrán usar los recursos de gas y petróleo que han esperado varios años para transformarse en regalías e ingresos para las regiones, empleo, obras de infraestructura, seguridad energética, crecimiento económico y desarrollo de industrias como la metalmecánica, minería, logística y cemento.
La impopularidad del ‘fracking’ es la razón por la que al Estado le ha costado tomar decisiones. Hoy, la única salida es la ejecución de proyectos piloto que, al final, nos den una salida al actual debate mediático y emotivo. No más comisiones ni omisiones.
Publicado originalmente en Eltiempo.com el 13 de junio de 2019.
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