La movida de Glencore en El Cerrejón

La multinacional suiza Glencore acordó adquirir las acciones de sus socios BH Billiton y la Anglo American, haciéndose al control total del complejo carbonífero El Cerrejón en La Guajira, segundo productor y exportador de carbón térmico después de Drumond, empresa que opera en Cesar.

Por: AMYLKAR D. ACOSTA*

19 de julio de 2021.   La operación conllevará la compra del 66.6% de las acciones del consorcio que hoy están en manos de sus partners BH Billiton y Anglo American. Esta transacción, según los despachos de prensa internacionales, le implicaría a Glencore un desembolso de US $588 millones, aproximadamente. 

El año anterior el carbón térmico experimentó una caída en el precio, que llegó a cotizarse a US $33 la tonelada, precio que no se veía desde 2004, y en la producción, que pasó de 25,8 millones de toneladas en 2019 a 13,6 millones de toneladas en 2020 en El Cerrejón y de 32,7 millones de toneladas a 29,6 millones de toneladas para Drumond, en medio de la recesión económica mundial y la contracción de los mercados.

La proyección que tienen las dos empresas para 2021 es la de producir 26,3 millones y entre 31,5 y 33 millones de toneladas, respectivamente, en momentos en los que se ha producido un rebote de los precios y los futuros del carbón de alta calidad, como los de Colombia, subieron hasta los US $118 la tonelada, el nivel más alto desde 2012.

Esta movida por parte de Glencore no deja de causar perplejidad y confusión, después que determinó recientemente devolverle a la Agencia Nacional Minera (ANM) los títulos mineros de las minas de Calenturitas y la Jagua en el Cesar, las cuales venían siendo operadas por su filial Prodeco. Tanto más en cuanto que desde 2017 anunció su “renuncia al carbón” y en su lugar “dar prioridad a sus inversiones para producir materias primas para la Transición Energética”.

Desde el año anterior era un rumor a voces que las tres empresas socias de El Cerrejón se aprestaban a desinvertir en la actividad extractiva de carbón, dado su compromiso con el Acuerdo de París encaminado hacia la descarbonización de la economía global y así poder combatir eficazmente el cambio climático. ¿Cómo explicar, entonces, este paso aparentemente contradictorio que está dando Glencore?

En mi concepto, cuando esta multinacional afirma que “asumir el control total de la mina es la mejor decisión”, la cual tomó no sin antes estudiar “cuidadosamente todas las opciones” para respetar sus compromisos incluidos dentro del Acuerdo de París sobre el clima, está mandando un mensaje subliminal.

Glencore la tiene clara. Se trata de la filigrana de una movida estratégica de un repliegue táctico de la actividad carbonífera y evitar así una desbandada, protegiendo de paso los intereses de sus accionistas.

Según el consejero Delegado de Glencore Iván Glasenberg, “vender nuestros activos en combustibles fósiles y pasar el problema a otro no es la solución y no reducirá las emisiones” de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI). Reafirma, además, el propósito de la multinacional de una retirada y un manejo del portafolio de sus inversiones en combustibles fósiles de una manera “responsable y también consistente para cumplir los objetivos del Acuerdo de París”

La verdad es que para Glencore es mejor negocio comprarle a sus socios su participación para después salir a vender la totalidad de las acciones que vender sólo las suyas, dado que para quien las adquiera el mayor atractivo es hacerse al control de la operación, que no lo da el 33.3% que hoy tiene a su haber Glencore.

Entre tanto, advertidos como estamos de que la industria del carbón tiene sus días contados, no nos podemos dejar deslumbrar por los destellos de los altos precios actuales del carbón, que serán flor de un día.

Tenemos que seguir preparándonos para la transición hacia las fuentes no convencionales de energías renovables (FNCER), en las cuales Colombia tiene un enorme potencial. Concomitantemente se debe avanzar en la estrategia de transformación productiva para diversificar la economía y de esta manera reducir la dependencia de la actividad extractiva, única forma de alcanzar un mayor crecimiento del PIB sostenible en el tiempo.

El riesgo que entraña la actual coyuntura de precios altos de los commodities, es que termine siendo un somnífero que lleve a bajar la guardia y a caer prisioneros de la autocomplacencia, lo que a la larga le pasaría factura al país.

No quiero hacer de aguafiestas, pero como dijo el economista John Maynard Keynes “el valor social de la critica consiste en prevenir los errores y no en predecir desastres”.

Advertir no es jugar a cumplir el inefable papel de Casandra, la de la guerra de Troya.

*Exministro de Minas y Energía y miembro de Número de la ACCE.

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