- Los desarrollos tecnológicos, los bajos precios del combustible y las exigencias ambientales de calidad del aire, están abriendo el camino para el uso del gas natural licuado (GNL) a pequeña escala.
Por: ASHIT JADAV*
27 de octubre de 2018. Durante muchos años, el gas natural licuado (GNL) se ha utilizado como combustible para generar energía eléctrica, proporcionar calefacción doméstica y proporcionar energía para fines industriales. Por lo general, se transporta de proveedores a usuarios a granel por medio de buques de gas convencionales o de tuberías en alta mar o en tierra.
Pero, en los últimos años, la propulsión marítima, el transporte terrestre y los sectores comercial e industrial han impulsado la necesidad adicional de GNL. También se considera que es una de las fuentes de energía adecuadas para geografías aisladas, que no pueden conectarse a redes eléctricas o de gas. Este creciente sector industrial se describe con frecuencia como GNL a pequeña escala.
Debido a las regulaciones ambientales cada vez más estrictas que controlan la contaminación del aire de los barcos y las condiciones de precios favorables, se espera que el uso de GNL como combustible sea más común en el futuro.
En la actualidad, países escandinavos como Noruega y Finlandia están invirtiendo significativamente en instalaciones de GNL a pequeña escala. Se cree que otros países europeos como Alemania, Suecia, Reino Unido y Francia tienen planes para construir instalaciones de GNL a pequeña escala dentro de los próximos cinco años.
Las instalaciones de GNL convencionales o de gran escala han existido durante varias décadas y este es un sector relativamente maduro en comparación con el GNL de pequeña escala.
Uno de los principales diferenciadores en el sector del GNL a gran y pequeña escala es la infraestructura marina utilizada para las operaciones de atraque / abastecimiento de combustible. Dicha infraestructura marina generalmente puede adaptarse a una amplia gama de tamaños de embarcaciones en función de la funcionalidad de la instalación de LNG.
La instalación de GNL a pequeña escala también puede esperar recibir buques de GNL convencionales para entregar la carga a granel, y cisternas más pequeñas para transportar combustible. Sin embargo, con la infraestructura de pequeña escala, puede haber restricciones operativas para atender una amplia gama de tamaños de buques de atraque. Uno de los aspectos clave es la configuración de la infraestructura de descarga, como los brazos de carga criogénicos o las mangueras flexibles.
Los desarrollos recientes en la infraestructura marina y las tecnologías de abastecimiento de combustible han logrado avances significativos para apoyar el GNL a pequeña escala, tanto en geografías cercanas a la costa como en alta mar.
La infraestructura marina, incluidos los amarres, en combinación con las opciones de descarga, forman los impulsores de diseño clave para un GNL a pequeña escala. Luego, contar con la infraestructura marina más eficiente, rentable, flexible y práctica será clave para el éxito de los proyectos de GNL a pequeña escala.
Las oportunidades y los beneficios clave que puede aportar el GNL a pequeña escala son:
- Bajo tiempo de ejecución del proyecto
- Mayor flexibilidad operativa
- Riesgo relativamente bajo
- Cumple con las normas de emisiones bajas en carbono.
Este es un momento emocionante para los proyectos de GNL a pequeña escala, independientemente de los bajos precios globales y la incertidumbre del mercado. El GNL se ha vuelto cada vez más competitivo en costos y a medida que avanza el cambio hacia una economía baja en carbono, la demanda de GNL a pequeña escala y la infraestructura relacionada requerida aumentará.
Será interesante ver cómo la industria utiliza los recursos disponibles y las lecciones aprendidas para abordar las configuraciones exitosas de infraestructura marina para el GNL a pequeña escala en los próximos años.
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