El de las tarifas de energía no es un tema nuevo en el país, pero cada vez deja en mayor evidencia la falta de control que existe y el negocio redondo que tienen las generadoras hidráulicas, quienes se benefician de la coyuntura que exista, llámese fenómeno de El Niño, de La Niña o inflación.
Por: JOSÉ DAVID NAME*
27 de agosto de 2022. Aunque en columnas anteriores he profundizado acerca de las causas de los incrementos en los recibos de energía, especialmente en la costa Caribe, en esta ocasión quiero referirme específicamente al papel despiadado que están jugando las generadoras hidráulicas en la ecuación energética, que está maltratando el bolsillo de los colombianos.
El mayor impacto en los precios de la energía eléctrica lo está produciendo la Generación (G), con un peso de 60% en el valor de la factura que pagan los usuarios, debido a que su remuneración se realiza a través de tres componentes: El componente de generación aporta aproximadamente 34% del valor total, el asociado a los hurtos de energía 16% adicional (pérdidas de energía), y el componente de restricciones se asocia con otro 10%.
Ahora, los contratos de compra a los generadores, al actualizarse con el Índice de Precios al Productor (IPP), que, según el Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística (DANE), en julio de este añ, presentó una variación anual de 32,85 % comparado con julio de 2021, han impactado de manera dramática las tarifas que pagan los colombianos.
Hasta 2020 el IPP se ajustaba en promedio entre 2% y 3%, pero debido a la coyuntura internacional su aumento ha sido escandaloso, trasladándose directamente al bolsillo de los usuarios, mientras que los costos reales de la generación hidráulica han aumentado por debajo del IPC, es decir, que la diferencia entre el 32,85% y un 6,6% (que aproximadamente es el aumento de los costos de los generadores hidráulicos, que no utilizan gasolina ni gas ni ningún otro insumo asociado al IPP), es la utilidad adicional que reciben. Un negociazo.
Así es como de manera desvergonzada los generadores hidráulicos se están enriqueciendo a costa del padecimiento de los colombianos. Los estados financieros de las generadoras hidráulicas del país, publicados por las mismas empresas y en el Sistema Único de Información de Servicios Públicos, dan cuenta de los exorbitantes incrementos de hasta 42% que registraron en 2021. Cifras millonarias que están generando altas utilidades a las hidroeléctricas, sin ningún gasto adicional, ya que el costo del agua, su combustible, es cero.
Los desproporcionados incrementos en el servicio de energía y la indolencia de las empresas de generación constatan una vergonzosa realidad que veníamos denunciando frente a los abusos de los hidráulicos y la falta de control por parte del Ministerio de Minas y Energía y de la Comisión de Regulación de Energía y Gas (CREG).
Es momento que las empresas generadoras se reivindiquen con el país y contribuyan de manera honesta para aliviar la situación tarifaria de los usuarios finales. Por ejemplo, podrían aportar recursos para un fondo de estabilización de tarifas de energía o impuestos a la hidroelectricidad y así contribuir a los subsidios de los colombianos con menores ingresos. El país merece que estas medidas sean analizadas y adoptadas rápidamente para mitigar un poco el impacto de la inflación.
*Senador de la República.
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