Energía eólica: La batalla mundial por la potencia

Una de las energías alternativas que más desarrollo ha tenido en el mundo es la eólica, tanto en tierra como en el mar. Se estima que a mediados de 2023 esta fuente cruzará el umbral de 1 millón de Megavatios de potencia instalados, por eso se libra una verdadera batalla por tener los aerogeneradores más potentes, eficientes y resistentes.

Según el World Forum Offshore Wind, la capacidad eólica marina mundial se cuadruplicó en el primer semestre de 2022 alcanzando los 6,8 Gigavatios (GW), liderando China el mercado con 5,1 GW. Así, la capacidad eólica marina acumulada mundial alcanzó los 54,9 GW a finales de junio de 2022.

En general, 33 nuevos parques eólicos marinos entraron en funcionamiento en todo el mundo durante la primera mitad de 2022, de los cuales 25 se instalaron en China, 5 en Vietnam, 1 en el Reino Unido, 1 en Corea del Sur y 1 en Italia.

China amplió su posición como el mercado eólico marino más grande del mundo con 24,9 GW de capacidad instalada, más que la suma de Reino Unido (13,6 GW), Alemania (7,7 GW) y los Países Bajos (3 GW). Esto significa que el 45 % de la capacidad eólica marina total del mundo ahora está instalada en China.

No es raro que el gigante asiático esté liderando el mercado de la eólica, pues dos de sus empresas disputan el privilegio de tener los aerogeneradores más potentes del mundo, una verdadera carrera global por la potencia.

Efectivamente, la empresa china MingYang se anuncia como la poseedora del aerogenerador onshore más potente del mundo: El modelo MySE 8.5-216, con una capacidad de 8,5 MW, que puede generar 200.000 kWh cada día.

De acuerdo con la firma, tanto el MySE 8.5-216 como los modelos MySE 7.15-216 lanzados en 2022 están diseñados y optimizados para su uso en entornos desérticos con arena y frío.

Por su parte, Vestas, con 40 años de experiencia y más de 160 GW de capacidad de aerogeneradores instalados en el mundo, tiene en el modelo V172-7.2 MW su mayor potencia en tierra, con clasificaciones flexibles de 6,5 MW, 6,8 MW y 7,2 MW, aplicables en climas fríos y cálidos.

Mientras la alemana Siemens Gamesa, con 35 años de experiencia y presente en cerca de 90 países, ofrece una amplia gama de aerogeneradores onshore para todo tipo de vientos y emplazamientos.

El modelo más potente de la plataforma onshore de Siemens Gamesa es el aerogenerador SG 6.6-170, con 6,6 MW de potencia.

La batalla marina

Pero la gran batalla por la potencia está en el mar, donde se está dando un crecimiento exponencial y se puede instalar una mayor capacidad de generación.

La compañía China State Shipbuilding Corporation (CSSC) anunció, apenas despuntando el 2023, el desarrollo de la mayor turbina eólica del mundo. La bautizada como H260-18MW que, como su nombre indica, es un monstruo de nada menos que 18 MW de potencia. 

También lanzó las que serán las mayores palas de todo el mercado, con un rotor de 260 metros y un área de barrido de 53.000 metros cuadrados, la misma área que abarcarían siete campos de fútbol.

En el comunicado, la firma asegura que dicha turbina contará con palas SuperBlade+ de 128 metros con control de inclinación y que podrá generar en máxima potencia hasta 44,8 kilovatios por hora de electricidad por revoluciónUna sola unidad podrá generar más de 74 GWh, pudiendo abarcar el consumo anual de hasta 40.000 hogares.

Le sigue el también fabricante chino MingYang, que lanzó en 2022 una turbina eólica marina de 16MW con un rotor de 242 metros. La MySE 16.0-242 está diseñada para sitios con vientos fuertes, incluido el IEC TC de clase tifón, y cuenta con palas de 118 metros de largo que brindan 46.000 metros cuadrados de área barrida.

MingYang tiene prevista la instalación del prototipo MySE 16.0-242 en la primera mitad de 2023 y la producción comercial en la primera mitad de 2024.

La empresa señaló que “el peso de la góndola de la MySE 16.0-242 es bajo, menos de 37 toneladas por megavatio. En comparación con una góndola más pesada, su modesta masa de cabeza permite un uso más eficiente de la construcción de la torre y los cimientos, lo que resulta en menos materiales y logística”.

Una sola turbina MySE 16.0-242 puede generar 80.000 MWh de electricidad cada año, suficiente para alimentar a más de 30.000 hogares. En comparación con el modelo de turbina anterior, el MySE 11.0-203, produce un 45% más de energía.

Por su parte, Vestas, pese a ser el pionero mundial de la eólica offshore con el parque Tunø Knob, en la bahía de Aarhus, Dinamarca, puesto en servicio en 1995 con 10 turbinas cada una de ellas de 500 kW, aún en funcionamiento, tiene ahora su modelo más potente de 15 MW: El V236-15.0 MW, diseñado para entornos marinos de todo el mundo, con palas de barrido de 115,5 metros. 

Finalmente, le sigue en potencia el aerogenerador de Siemens SG 14-222 DD, con una capacidad de hasta 15 megavatios con Power Boost.

Así, con las nuevas demandas del mundo por una energía limpia y segura, las grandes firmas están librando una verdadera batalla marina por conquistar la potencia de la generación offshore.

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