Plantas de energía flotante: una solución a un viejo problema

GNL
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  • La creciente popularidad de los buques de poder flotante tiene el potencial de un crecimiento continuo en el futuro. Análisis de Gastech. 

Por: PATRICK JANSSENS 

3 de noviembre de 2018.   Llevar electricidad a lugares remotos siempre ha sido un desafío para los países con grandes territorios insulares, ya que los cables submarinos para conectar estas islas a la red continental pueden tener un costo prohibitivo. Las islas deben ser autosuficientes en la generación de electricidad y las unidades de generación de energía móviles, como un barco de energía flotante, ofrecen una solución viable.

Los buques de generación eléctrica, son centrales eléctricas instaladas en buques marinos o en alta mar. Pueden generar energía mediante el uso de turbinas de gas simples o múltiples, motores o calderas recíprocas de diésel o gas. Los buques eléctricos con una capacidad de 100 a 750 MW y más pueden ofrecer una solución rápida y económica para proporcionar energía a instalaciones en tierra, cerca de la costa o en alta mar.

Además de hacer que la electricidad esté disponible en lugares remotos, los buques de energía pueden suministrar a lugares que han perdido energía temporalmente, como durante eventos de clima severo.

Las ventajas de los buques de energía pueden extenderse más allá de la flexibilidad y la rentabilidad al usar el gas natural licuado (GNL) como combustible. Con esta fuente de combustible, las centrales eléctricas son más respetuosas con el medio ambiente y tienen una huella de carbono reducida, en comparación con los generadores de energía que utilizan otros combustibles fósiles, así como las emisiones reducidas de azufre y óxidos de nitrógeno.

Además de estas ventajas ambientales, el desarrollo continuo del gas de esquisto en los Estados Unidos ha impactado positivamente la disponibilidad mundial de gas natural y ha reducido los precios. Estos factores se han combinado para aumentar la demanda de plantas de energía flotante alimentadas con GNL.

El combustible para las centrales eléctricas flotantes se ha limitado hasta hace poco a los productos convencionales del petróleo o en una conexión a tierra para el suministro de gas natural. Sin embargo, los avances recientes en el almacenamiento flotante y la tecnología de regasificación han hecho que las plantas de energía flotante de GNL sean más seguras y más viables operativamente.

Al eliminar la dependencia de la infraestructura de gas del lado costero para el suministro de combustible, estas tecnologías han hecho que la central eléctrica de gas flotante sea más accesible a las regiones que carecen del suministro local de gas natural.

Para respaldar la creciente demanda mundial de buques de energía y proporcionar a la industria una guía confiable que permita el desarrollo de tecnologías innovadoras, ABS publicó la ‘Guía para el servicio de energía para aplicaciones marinas’.

Este documento completo cubre los requisitos que incluyen el diseño, la construcción y la inspección para la revisión de la clase y la aprobación de la clasificación de los buques eléctricos, y es aplicable a los nuevos proyectos de construcción, así como a la conversión de buques existentes.

Los buques eléctricos incluyen barcazas eléctricas, buques eléctricos, unidades de energía mar adentro y buques convertidos para el servicio marítimo o fluvial.

La nueva guía de ABS aborda el alcance y las condiciones de clasificación, que incluyen la construcción del casco y los equipos, maquinaria, tuberías y sistemas eléctricos, sistemas de seguridad, generación de energía, sistemas de distribución y equipos y requisitos de inspección.

ABS recientemente otorgó la Aprobación en Principio (AIP) a Hudong-Zhonghua Shipbuilding (Group) Co Ltd, para su buque de poder de GNL. El barco está diseñado de acuerdo con los requisitos aplicables de las Reglas y Guías de ABS y los Reglamentos de la OMI y el concepto del barco ofrece una eficiente generación y almacenamiento de energía de GNL.

Esta embarcación de suministro de energía alimentada con GNL integra un receptor de GNL, almacenamiento, regasificación, generación de energía eléctrica y transmisión con un volumen de almacenamiento de GNL de 32.000 m3 y 100 MW de capacidad de generación.

«Elegimos ABS debido a su posición de liderazgo en la evaluación de soluciones de almacenamiento de energía efectivas y una amplia experiencia en proyectos relacionados con el gas», dijo el vicepresidente de la construcción naval de Hudong-Zhonghua, Jin Yanzi.

ABS tiene un largo historial de liderazgo en la industria en almacenamiento, manejo y transporte de gas, ofreciendo orientación sobre estructuras y sistemas flotantes de GNL, sistemas y equipos de combustible de gas, transporte de gas y requisitos reglamentarios. Su experiencia con activos relacionados con el gas se remonta al Methane Pioneer, el primer buque que transportó GNL en el mundo.

* Vicepresidente de Soluciones Globales de Gas de ABS

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