Comercialización de gas natural: onerosa, pero sin utilidad

Desde el 5 de enero pasado los comercializadores del mercado de gas natural no pueden pretender utilidad o margen por desarrollar la venta de capacidad de transporte de gas natural en el mercado secundario. Así se estableció en la nueva regulación expedida por la Comisión de Regulación de Energía y Gas (CREG).

Por: HEMBERTH SUÁREZ LOZANO*

8 de enero de 2021.   El mercado mayorista de gas en Colombia tiene dos submercados. Un mercado primario y uno secundario, en ambos se negocian únicamente dos productos, que son: el suministro de gas natural y la capacidad de transporte del gas natural.

En estos mercados participan agentes con perfiles diferentes, uno de ellos es el del comercializador de gas natural, cuya esencia es intermediar y procurar por la obtención de un margen o utilidad por esa intermediación, sobre todo si es un comercializador independiente.

Pues bien, eso dejó de ser así y, desde el 5 de enero de 2021, los comercializadores no pueden pretender utilidad o margen por desarrollar la venta de capacidad de transporte de gas natural en el mercado secundario.

Por regla general, un comercializador de cualquier producto obtiene una utilidad por su labor de intermediación, con lo cual, no es suficiente que la negociación sea onerosa, sino que también le permita registrar un margen. Es decir, que la negociación final incluya el precio de la compra del producto más una utilidad razonable. Esa es la regla general. Sin embargo, como toda regla tiene una excepción, en materia de gas natural la encontramos para la comercialización de la capacidad de transporte.

La excepción encuentra sustento en que si bien el código civil y de comercio regulan la base de las relaciones derivadas de los contratos de suministro, compraventa y transporte que se celebran entre particulares; cuando es la prestación de un servicio público, como lo es el gas natural, está regulada por el Gobierno a través de autoridades como la CREG, y las condiciones de los contratos de suministro o transporte de gas deben sujetarse a lo que establecen las resoluciones que expide la CREG.

En ese sentido, la Comisión definió que la actividad de comercialización de gas combustible es la actividad de compra y venta de gas combustible a título oneroso en el mercado mayorista y su venta con destino a otras operaciones en dicho mercado o a los usuarios finales. Con lo cual, es claro que la comercialización debe ser onerosa.

Ahora bien, no por el simple hecho de que la comercialización sea onerosa se puede entender que siempre exista utilidad o margen. Al menos, esa es una de las conclusiones que se derivan de una nueva regla expedida por la CREG, en la que indicó que el precio máximo para las capacidades firmes de capacidad de transporte de gas natural contratadas en negociaciones directas que se realicen en el mercado secundario de gas natural, será el mismo que se haya negociado en el mercado primario de gas para el tramo o grupo de gasoductos sobre el que se contrate la capacidad de transporte de gas natural. Con lo cual, es claro que respecto de esas transacciones no se puede pactar una utilidad.

Entonces, surgen al menos dos preguntas: ¿Continúan siendo onerosas las transacciones de la capacidad de transporte en el mercado secundario? Claro que sí, siguen siendo onerosas. Pero en adelante no se permite que se incluya en ese precio una utilidad razonable.

Esto genera implícitamente un desincentivo, porque quien compra capacidad de transporte en el mercado primario de gas natural terminará asumiendo los costos de la transacción si desea revender esa capacidad en el mercado secundario.

Y la otra pregunta es: ¿Alguien compra pan para vender pan?

*Abogado y socio fundador de OGE Legal Services

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