Desarrollan novedosos materiales para almacenar gas natural

Gas Natural
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Investigadores de la universidad coreana KAIST diseñaron materiales a base de plástico que pueden almacenar gas natural de manera más efectiva.

15 de agosto de 2019.   Los nuevos materiales no solo pueden hacer posible el almacenamiento de gas natural a gran escala, rentable y seguro, sino que además ofrecen la gran promesa para combatir el calentamiento global. El estudio fue apoyado por subvenciones de la Fundación Nacional de Investigación de Corea (NRF).

El gas natural puede almacenarse por compresión, licuefacción o adsorción. Entre estos, el almacenamiento de gas natural adsorbido (ANG) es una alternativa más eficiente, barata y segura a los enfoques de almacenamiento de GNC y GNL. Sin embargo, desarrollar materiales adsorbentes que puedan utilizar más plenamente las ventajas del almacenamiento ANG sigue siendo una tarea difícil.

Un equipo de investigación, dirigido por el profesor Cafer T. Yavuz de la Escuela de Graduados de Energía, Medio Ambiente, Agua y Sostenibilidad (EEWS), en colaboración con el grupo del profesor Mert Atilhan de la Universidad Texas A&M, sintetizó 29 estructuras poliméricas porosas únicas con flexibilidad inherente, y probó su capacidad de absorción de gas metano a altas presiones. Estos polímeros porosos tenían diversas complejidades sintéticas, porosidades y morfologías, y los investigadores sometieron cada polímero poroso a gas metano puro en diversas condiciones para estudiar los rendimientos de ANG.

De estas 29 estructuras químicas distintas, COP-150 fue particularmente notable ya que logró una alta capacidad de trabajo de metano gravimétrico entregable cuando se ubicó entre 5 y 100 bar a 273 K, que es el 98% de la capacidad de absorción total. Este resultado superó el objetivo establecido por el Departamento de Energía de los Estados Unidos (DOE). COP-150 es la primera estructura en cumplir los requisitos gravimétricos y volumétricos del DOE para el uso vehicular exitoso, y el costo total para producir el adsorbente COP-150 fue de solo 1 dólar por kilogramo.

COP-150 se puede producir utilizando materiales plásticos de libre y fácil acceso, y además, su síntesis se lleva a cabo a temperatura ambiente, abierta al aire, y no se requiere purificación previa de los productos químicos. La estructura flexible activada por presión de COP-150 también es ventajosa en términos de la capacidad de trabajo total de metano suministrable para aplicaciones reales.

El equipo de investigación creía que el aumento de la presión flexiona la estructura de red de COP-150 mostrando un comportamiento de “hinchamiento”, y sugirió que la flexibilidad proporciona una desorción rápida y un control térmico, mientras que la hidrofobicidad y la naturaleza del marco unido covalentemente permiten que estos materiales prometedores toleren condiciones duras.

Este mecanismo de hinchamiento de la expansión-contracción resuelve otros dos problemas importantes, notó el equipo. En primer lugar, cuando se usan adsorbentes basados ​​en dicho mecanismo, se pueden eliminar los picos de presión inseguros que pueden ocurrir debido a los cambios de temperatura. Además, la contaminación también se puede minimizar, ya que el adsorbente permanece contraído cuando no se almacena gas.

El profesor Yavuz dijo: “Visualizamos una gran cantidad de nuevos diseños y mecanismos que se desarrollarán con base en nuestro concepto. Dado que el gas natural es un combustible mucho más limpio que el carbón y el petróleo, los nuevos desarrollos en este ámbito ayudarán a optar por el uso de combustibles menos contaminantes”.

El profesor Atilhan estuvo de acuerdo en que el impacto más importante de su investigación es en el medio ambiente. “Usar más gas natural que carbón y petróleo reducirá significativamente las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero. Creemos que algún día podremos ver vehículos equipados con nuestros materiales que funcionan con un combustible más limpio como el gas natural”, agregó.

Fuente: KAIST

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