El GLP es el rey de los combustibles en América Latina, pero los recientes altos precios mundiales hacen que los gobiernos evalúen la intervención del mercado.
Por: ADRIÁN CALCANEO y FERNANDO COVAS*
21 de julio de 2021. Si bien el gas licuado del petróleo (GLP) tiene una posición muy destacada en América Latina, debido a su uso diario entre los hogares, representa una porción relativamente pequeña del mercado global, con 27 millones de toneladas métricas por año (9% de la demanda global), de un mercado total de más de 300 millones de toneladas métricas.
A diferencia de otros grandes mercados desarrollados, la demanda de América Latina es impulsada por clientes residenciales y comerciales, que consumen alrededor del 80% del GLP de la región.
En comparación, la demanda global residencial y comercial representa el 50% de la demanda mundial de GLP, mientras que la química representa el 24%. Esta división relativa es similar en China, donde el sector residencial y comercial representan el 49% del mercado y los productos químicos el 30%. En los Estados Unidos, residencial y comercial es una porción más pequeña del mercado, el 29%.
Estados Unidos es autosuficiente en butano, pero tiene escasez de propano. Los sectores residencial y comercial consumen casi el 75% de la demanda total de propano de América Latina, y el GLP vendido en la región es principalmente una mezcla de propano pesado. Como resultado, la región en su conjunto es susceptible a los movimientos del mercado global de propano.
En perspectiva, la planta promedio de deshidrogenación de propano (PDH) en China usa un promedio de 0,8 millones de toneladas métricas por año de propano, mientras que el cracker más grande usa alrededor de 2,2 millones de toneladas métricas por año. Perú, Argentina, Chile y Venezuela usan un promedio de 1 millón de toneladas métricas por año de propano.
Por lo tanto, la importancia de la demanda residencial y comercial en América Latina le ha dado al GLP un papel mucho más importante en las finanzas del consumidor, y en el discurso político mucho más grande que en la mayoría de los mercados globales.
El importante papel de las petroquímicas en el mercado del GLP (y del propano, específicamente) tiene un efecto dominó en la oferta y la demanda mundiales.
Como se mencionó, las plantas petroquímicas consumen grandes cantidades de GLP, por lo que cuando las nuevas plantas entran en funcionamiento o las existentes aumentan el uso del GLP como materia prima, la demanda global aumenta significativamente.
En otras palabras, la demanda de productos químicos aumenta en “trozos” y puede afectar el precio global del GLP que podría destinarse a uso residencial y comercial.
El impacto del consumo de las petroquímicas en China en los mercados mundiales de propano y butano, y su espectacular crecimiento durante los últimos cinco años, es fundamental para comprender la posición de América Latina como aceptante de precios, ya que los países de la región utilizan el Mont Belvieu como precio de referencia.
Mont Belvieu (en la costa del Golfo de EE. UU.) es el centro de los líquidos del gas natural (LGN) en los Estados Unidos, ya que la mayor parte de la infraestructura midstream se encuentra en esa área, incluidas las terminales de exportación.
Además, durante los últimos 15 años Estados Unidos ha sido el principal exportador de GLP a América Latina y el mundo. Como resultado, Mont Belvieu sirve como precio de referencia para la región.
La dinámica de la oferta y la demanda en los mercados globales de GLP que afectan los precios de Mont Belvieu tiene un efecto directo en los precios de entrega en América Latina.
Los precios de entrega son el punto de partida para el precio del GLP que los consumidores residenciales, comerciales, industriales y químicos terminan pagando. Estos se componen del precio de Mont Belvieu, los gastos de transporte y las tarifas de terminal. Así, los precios de entrega en América Latina han aumentado junto con los precios de Mont Belvieu en los últimos meses.
Volatilidad reciente del precio global del GLP
Los precios del GLP están vinculados principalmente a los precios del petróleo crudo. Con la reciente convulsión en los mercados de energía, los precios globales han experimentado volatilidad, lo que refleja una combinación de factores, como una oferta reducida en los Estados Unidos y otras partes del mundo, una demanda débil que aumentó más rápido que el crecimiento de la oferta (en gran parte debido a la demanda de cracker) y bajos inventarios.
Específicamente, en los Estados Unidos los productores upstream han estado ejerciendo disciplina de capital para satisfacer las demandas de los inversionistas. Esto significa que el dinero que de otro modo se reinvertiría en el negocio (mediante la perforación de más pozos y el aumento de la producción), se está utilizando para proporcionar beneficios a los inversores.
En consecuencia, la demanda ha aumentado, pero la oferta no, lo que ha provocado un aumento de los precios del petróleo y, por tanto, precios más altos del propano y el butano.
También han estado en juego otros factores agravantes, específicamente dentro del mercado del GLP. La producción de propano se ha mantenido estable, mientras que la demanda está creciendo tanto para el consumo interno de EE. UU. como para las exportaciones.
Por ejemplo, se espera que China requerirá entre 4 y 5 millones de toneladas métricas adicionales de propano, en su mayoría provenientes de los Estados Unidos. Esto es un poco más que el consumo de propano de Brasil en 2020 (3,7 millones de toneladas métricas). Estos problemas de oferta y demanda han llevado a los niveles más bajos de inventarios (muy por debajo del promedio de cinco años), ejerciendo una mayor presión sobre los precios.
Los precios del propano cayeron desde un máximo estacional en el primer trimestre de 2021, pero el bajo inventario y las fuertes exportaciones respaldarán los precios más altos durante el verano. Se espera y precios más altos durante el resto del año, a medida que los mercados lidiarán con la creación de inventarios y las exportaciones a Asia. Esperamos que la demanda asiática de propano se mantenga fuerte, particularmente de China.
El butano, por su parte, ha experimentado un repunte similar. Los precios normales del butano cayeron con una disminución en la demanda de mezcla en el primer trimestre de 2021. Sin embargo, se espera que la demanda aumente a principios del próximo año, impulsando los precios al alza.
Impactos en el mercado de GLP latinoamericano
Como resultado, debido a la dinámica de oferta y demanda destacada anteriormente, durante los últimos meses los precios de entrega del propano y butano han aumentado en todos los países de América Latina a la par con Mont Belvieu.
Debido a que el propano y el butano son productos cada vez más globales, las fluctuaciones de precios resuenan en todo el mundo y América Latina no es una excepción.
Para agravar el problema, algunos países de América Latina han experimentado un aumento (o disminución) adicional en los precios debido a los tipos de cambio de moneda. Un peso chileno más fuerte, por ejemplo, ha ayudado a reducir el impacto de los aumentos mundiales del precio del propano, aumentando los precios fronterizos en un 50% en relación con los aumentos del 149% en Mont Belvieu. Por otro lado, países como Brasil y Argentina, donde la moneda nacional se ha debilitado frente al dólar estadounidense, han visto un mayor aumento en los precios del GLP (72% y 77%, respectivamente).
Se espera que los precios disminuyan menos del 5% durante el próximo año, pero se ubicarán por encima de los promedios de 2019 y 2020.
Dado que la mayor parte de la región, y la mayoría de los distribuidores, obtiene GLP de Estados Unidos, los efectos de los aumentos y disminuciones de los precios globales afectarán de manera similar a todos los países y sectores.
Ciertamente no ayuda que los costos de servicios públicos de los hogares latinoamericanos (GLP en este caso) aumenten significativamente en medio de una pandemia y de amplios desafíos económicos. Una comparación de los precios del propano de Mont Belvieu muestra la estrecha relación con las tasas de inflación en los mercados clave de América Latina.
Por diversas razones, la percepción pública a menudo está desconectada de las realidades del mercado. A medida que los precios del GLP han aumentado en América Latina, también lo ha hecho la especulación sobre posibles irregularidades o problemas estructurales con el mercado del GLP.
Chile, Brasil y Colombia, por ejemplo, están discutiendo posibles investigaciones de colusión y acciones regulatorias destinadas a abordar estos problemas. En el caso de Chile, el Congreso Nacional ordenó una investigación sobre posible colusión entre las tres principales distribuidoras de GLP que pudo haber provocado el aumento de precios.
En Brasil y Colombia, los reguladores están reflexionando sobre la regulación o estabilización de precios. En México, un senador propuso que el organismo regulador establezca un precio máximo para el GLP.
La amenaza de intervención en el mercado del GLP por parte de los actores políticos de la región es bastante real. Es posible la participación regulatoria en forma de un tope en los precios minoristas, un fondo de estabilización y ajustes a la fórmula de fijación de precios.
En una región con gran necesidad de infraestructura adicional, cualquier modificación del precio real de un producto básico disuadirá la inversión adicional en logística e infraestructura y podría reducir la calidad general del servicio.
Más aún, las intervenciones de precios se han probado antes con resultados menos que estelares. Por nombrar algunos, Perú abandonó recientemente su fondo de estabilización debido a efectos negativos en las finanzas públicas, Ecuador continúa con un precio fuertemente subsidiado que le cuesta al gobierno miles de millones de dólares al año, y los distribuidores de GLP de Argentina exigen un aumento.
La pandemia aumentó la visibilidad del GLP para muchos gobiernos de América Latina y los altos precios recientes están tentando a los políticos a intervenir. Por eso, es importante que se mantengan los fundamentos del mercado y que cualquier regulación propuesta alinee los suministros disponibles con los sumideros de demanda en la región.
*Fuente: IHS Markit Energy
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