Colombia: De mal en peor en pobreza y desigualdad

Mientras el mundillo de la pequeña política se agita y se dan los primeros escarceos de la contienda electoral de cara a las elecciones al Congreso y a la Presidencia de la República, Colombia se debate entre el anunciado rebote del crecimiento de la economía y el rebrote de los contagios y víctimas fatales de la Covid–19.

Por: AMYLKAR D. ACOSTA*

27 de diciembre de 2020.   En momentos en los que cunde la desazón, el desconcierto y la incertidumbre a consecuencia de la crisis pandémica, el director del DANE Juan Daniel Oviedo le reveló al país unas cifras aterradoras, espeluznantes, que delatan la pandemia de la pobreza y la desigualdad en Colombia, taras que se han visto exacerbadas este año aciago para el país. Ello es tanto más preocupante, habida cuenta que es la población vulnerable la que está llevando la peor parte de esta debacle.

Desde 2012 venía disminuyendo el índice de pobreza monetaria en Colombia, hasta que tocó fondo en 2018, cuando alcanzó el 34.7%. A partir de 2019 se revirtió dicha tendencia, registrando el 35.7%, un punto porcentual más elevado con respecto al año anterior. Según el DANE, en 2019 661.899 personas cayeron en la trampa de la pobreza, para completar las 17´470.000.

Vamos de mal en peor. Pero estamos hablando del promedio nacional, en el cual se confunde el valle con la colina, ya que, al aterrizar las cifras en los territorios, se ponen de manifiesto unas aberrantes desigualdades, las denominadas “brechas”.

En contraste con el promedio nacional, el índice de pobreza monetaria en el Chocó en la región Pacífica, también promediando la cifra, pasó del 61.1% al 68.4%, y el de La Guajira en la región Caribe, del 53.7% al 61.8%.

Según el DANE, en cuanto al índice de pobreza extrema, el promedio nacional pasó del 7.2% al 9.6%, 2.4 puntos porcentuales más, lo cual se tradujo en que 728.955 personas pasaron de la pobreza a la indigencia, para un consolidado de 3’500.000.

Por su parte, los departamentos de Chocó y La Guajira registraron en pobreza extrema el 36.8% y 33.5%, respectivamente, superando el 34.5% y el 26.7%, en su orden, del 2018. Y no hay que perder de vista que cuando hablamos de la pobreza, sabemos que esta se caracteriza porque la persona no tiene cómo valerse por sí misma para que sea llevadera su congrua subsistencia.

Esta tendencia, aberrante por lo demás, de empeoramiento de la condición social de la abrumadora mayoría de los colombianos, especialmente en las regiones más deprimidas y vulnerables, se ve acentuada debido a los estragos sociales de la crisis pandémica. Ésta repercute en la pérdida de empleo e ingresos, lo cual va a conducir a que, según el investigador de Fedesarrollo Jairo Núñez, “la pobreza en Colombia alcanzará un nivel de entre 47% y 49%”. Dicho de otra manera, seis millones de personas que habían salido de la pobreza volverán a ella, esta vez por cuenta de la Covid–19. De manera que, muy seguramente, al cierre del 2020 no estaremos mejor que cuando estuvimos peor.

Hemos pasado de la prevención del contagio de la pandemia a la contención de la misma y últimamente a su mitigación, a la espera de la vacuna, la cual nos permite columbrar la luz al final del túnel.

Esta emergencia copa toda la atención de los medios y las autoridades, pero hay otra realidad subyacente y lacerante que viene de atrás, que no se le puede atribuir a la pandemia, como son las execrables lacras de la pobreza, la desigualdad y el hambre.

Frente a estas ha faltado una política social de prevención, de contención y de mitigación y, lo que es peor, los distintos gobiernos se han rehusado a aplicar la única vacuna eficaz y segura para combatirlas: la política de protección, inclusión y cohesión social.

De nada sirve que se incluya entre las metas de todos los planes de desarrollo la reducción de la inequidad, si las mismas no se concretan en acciones efectivas y eficaces para lograrlo. Es consabido que las palabras que no van seguidas de hechos son asesinas de los ideales.

*Ex ministro de Minas y Energía y miembro de Número de la ACCE.

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