Eventos eximentes en la producción y el transporte de gas natural

EVENTOS EXIMENTES EN GAS NATURAL

La CREG partió las reglas de los eventos eximentes, con lo cual se consolidó el argumento que las actividades del productor de gas natural son independientes de las actividades del transportador.

Por: HEMBERTH SUÁREZ LOZANO*

23 de marzo de 2021.   Los eventos eximentes de responsabilidad en transporte de gas natural se dividieron de los eventos eximentes de responsabilidad en suministro de gas natural, lo cual desencadena en que las obligaciones de pago por el uso de la infraestructura de transporte se deben cumplir aún cuando esté presente un evento eximente de responsabilidad en la fuente de suministro.

Es decir, en un mercado de respaldo físico como es el del gas natural, no convergen las realidades del productor de gas con la realidad del transportador de gas.

Los eventos eximentes liberan de responsabilidad a los participantes del mercado de gas natural por incumplimiento parcial o total de obligaciones contractuales, con lo cual una de las partes se libera de la obligación de entregar y la otra parte se libera de la obligación de pagar, y no pasa nada porque se entiende que se está ante una situación razonablemente fuera de control de la parte que lo alega.

Uno de los mejores ejemplos de eventos eximentes son las interrupciones por mantenimientos o labores programadas.

Pues bien, en el mercado de gas natural la teoría tradicional de responsabilidad encuentra una excepción, consiste en que aún en presencia de eventos eximentes en el suministro del gas se debe pagar por la disponibilidad de la capacidad del tubo, y esto es así porque se considera que los eventos eximentes de suministro no son extensibles al transporte, con excepción del caso fortuito y fuerza mayor, debido a que el productor y el transportador son agentes diferentes, por lo tanto las obligaciones de suministro son diferentes a las de transporte.

Desde una óptica comercial, la situación aquí planteada tiene una solución y es que, si la capacidad de transporte está disponible, el que la tiene contratada puede renegociarla y venderla a otro agente. Lo cual es cierto, pero aquí viene una realidad que desecha tal solución, y es que por algunos fragmentos o tramos de la tubería solo se transporta gas de una única fuente de producción, de manera que si esa única fuente de producción de gas no está disponible no va a existir ningún interesado en comprar la capacidad de transporte de ese tramo del gasoducto. La razón es sencilla, no hay gas para transportar.

Ahora bien, tal situación no es nueva, solo se afianzó con la expedición de las resoluciones CREG 185 y 186 de 2020, porque en cada una de las resoluciones de manera separada quedaron definidas las reglas aplicables a las actividades de suministro y de transporte. Se partieron las reglas de los eventos eximentes con lo cual se consolidó el argumento de que las actividades del productor de gas natural son independientes de las actividades del transportador.

En relación con el impacto que en la práctica tiene esta regla hay diferentes interpretaciones. Algunos consideran que con ella se desconocen principios como el de la igualdad y el de libertad económica; otros consideran que el suministro y el transporte de gas natural son actividades complementarias y que se trata de actividades con características técnicas diferentes, realizadas por agentes diferentes y pactadas mediante contratos independientes. Todas las opiniones son validas y bienvenidas.

Un comentario final, los eventos eximentes tienen unos plazos y unas condiciones que de no cumplirse pueden quedar sin efecto.

* Socio fundador de OGE Legal Services

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