Vaca Muerta o la revolución del shale en Argentina

Al igual que los Estados Unidos, Argentina decidió explotar sus yacimientos no convencionales para asegurar el abastecimiento interno y comenzar a exportar hidrocarburos.

Por: VICTORIA TERZAGHI

14 de junio de 2019.   En mayo de 2011 se perforó el primer pozo en la formación Vaca Muerta y la historia del shale argentino comenzó a escribirse. La roca generadora que hacía décadas se conocía recién podía ser explotada a valores comerciales por los avances tecnológicos.

En los siguientes siete años la actividad marcaría la curva de aprendizaje, la optimización de recursos y el tan buscado achique de costos.

Hasta fines de 2018 eran sólo cuatro los desarrollos que habían superado la fase de estudio y exploración, más conocida como fase piloto, para acelerar su actividad en un desarrollo masivo o intensivo.

De esos cuatro desarrollos masivos tres correspondían a la semiestatal Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales (YPF) junto a socios. El primero fue Loma Campana junto a Chevron, luego vinieron El Orejano junto a Dow, y Rincón del Mangrullo junto a Pampa Energía en una producción principalmente orientada al tight gas. La petrolera del grupo Techint, Tecpetrol, sumó el cuarto desarrollo masivo con su área Fortín de Piedra que en menos de dos años se convirtió en el principal bloque productor de gas del país.

Pero en los últimos seis meses Vaca Muerta sumó cuatro desarrollos masivos y duplicó así la actividad que le había costado siete años alcanzar.

A principios de diciembre de 2018 fue nuevamente YPF la compañía que anunció el paso a desarrollo intensivo de La Amarga Chica junto a la malaya Petronas. A fines de ese mismo mes Shell Argentina dio a conocer que avanzó a la fase de actividad industrial en tres de sus bloques: Cruz de Lorena, Sierras Blancas y Coirón Amargo Sur Este.

El 11 de junio pasado se dio el octavo anuncio de pase a la fase de plena actividad por parte de la norteamericana ExxonMobil para el área Bajo del Choique – La Invernada, un bloque que por su ubicación en la zona norte marca una extensión de la zona caliente de Vaca Muerta.

La particularidad de estos cuatro últimos anuncios es que, a diferencia de los primeros desarrollos enfocados en gas, persiguen la producción de petróleo, atraídos no sólo por un precio internacional alto y la posibilidad de exportar una mayor producción, sino también por el achique de los costos que hoy fija el break even del barril en menos de 50 dólares.

El pase a la fase de desarrollo masivo de un bloque es uno de los requisitos fijados por el gobierno de la provincia del Neuquén a la hora de otorgar una concesión sobre Vaca Muerta.

La operadora que accede a un área tiene prefijado un plan de estudio o piloto, que en promedio se extiende por tres años, y que finalizado debe avanzar hacia la siguiente fase que es precisamente la de la explotación.

Algunas operadoras, como es el caso de Shell y Tecpetrol, resolvieron acelerar sus actividades antes de finalizado ese plazo de estudio, en función de los buenos resultados obtenidos. Sin embargo, otras compañías se encuentran con los días contados para definir si pisan el acelerador o, por el contrario, se enfrentan a la posibilidad de perder la concesión.

De las 34 concesiones que hoy existen, una docena se encuentra muy cerca de llegar a su fecha máxima.

Publicado originalmente por Infoestación.com

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